Page 2 of 3 FirstFirst 123 LastLast
Results 16 to 30 of 42

Thread: The History of Viruses

  1. #16
    Senior Member Emil El Zapato's Avatar
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Earth I
    Posts
    13,406
    Thanks
    38,166
    Thanked 43,982 Times in 12,502 Posts
    UTMB Health - my daughter's current university

    Virus Images/Foundations of Virology

    The Virus Images: Electron Micrographs list below shows 22 virus images (plus various colorized versions of some of the images). The images and all the other resources in this website may be reprinted and/or used for educational or non-profit purposes, as long as they are credited appropriately. Note: large .tif or .jpg images will be downloaded when you click on the link or choose "Save Image as..." or "Save Picture as..." according to your browser. The large images range from 5 to 10 Mb.



    UTMB.edu UTMBHealth.com Maps & Directions Privacy Policy & Required Links
    © 1995 - 2025 The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston | Member, Texas Medical Center®


    I didn't want to spend all day providing examples of electron microscopy images of known and researched viruses. I worked with a professor from the University of Texas Medical Center, whose field of research was directly involved in these efforts.
    “El revolucionario: te meteré la bota en el culo"

  2. #17
    Senior Member United States
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Northern Virginia
    Posts
    3,011
    Thanks
    1,769
    Thanked 6,126 Times in 1,756 Posts
    Quote Originally posted by Emil El Zapato View Post
    I didn't want to spend all day providing examples of electron microscopy images of known and researched viruses.
    I am reminded of virologist Stefan Lanka's testimony years ago about images purported to be scientific proof of an AIDS virus.

    I remember that he was a virologist who believed that he had isolated a virus in a lab, but that it was non-pathogenic.

    At this point in time, he talks about a New Biology and has embraced the work of now deceased Dr. Ryke Geerd Hamer, which is called German New Medicine.

  3. #18
    Senior Member United States
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Northern Virginia
    Posts
    3,011
    Thanks
    1,769
    Thanked 6,126 Times in 1,756 Posts
    Quote Originally posted by WantDisclosure View Post
    I am listening to Patrick Timpone's interview of Dr. Nancy Banks, which took place April 23, 2018.

    She just mentioned a lecture to be given in May for an Autism One Conference.
    The Autism One Conference link autismone.org is now a 404 Not Found.

    Bitchute has a video posted 5 years ago:


    Source: https://www.bitchute.com/video/uasvQkipvkD4

  4. #19
    Senior Member United States
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Northern Virginia
    Posts
    3,011
    Thanks
    1,769
    Thanked 6,126 Times in 1,756 Posts
    The confusion about viruses is so emotional, complex, and important to resolve because of the vaccination controversy—the following article, posted May 5, 2024 on the website Reseau International, warrants quoting in its entirety:

    Viruses do not exist – Refutation of the viral theory

    1- Refutation by common sense applied to the narrative of the viral theory.

    2- Scientific refutation.


    1- Origin of the viral theory


    According to Pasteur, diseases that appear contagious are of microbial origin. However, in certain diseases, pathogenic bacteria are not found; we deduce that there are smaller particles, viruses (virus means poison in Latin) not visible under optical microscopy and responsible for infections. The virus is described as a strand of genetic material, DNA or RNA, surrounded by an envelope; it is a dead particle, without metabolism (which characterizes the living).

    This (dead) virus is supposed, for a respiratory virus:

    • cross the mucus barrier, then the cell membrane,
    • move towards the cell nucleus, penetrate it,
    • open the DNA chain, to incorporate into it
    • then multiply into thousands of copies, leading to the destruction of the cell,
    • infect adjacent cells, diffuse into the blood (viremia) and invade the body.

    This narrative is fanciful and implausible because:

    • the virus is dead and has no tools to carry out all these tasks;
    • there are natural barriers: mucus, enzymes, antibodies, membranes, etc.;
    • there are powerful means of protection preventing the inforporation of foreign DNA into the genome.
    • the immune system, a marvel of complexity and intelligence, perfected over thousands of years and adapted during evolution to fight against foreign elements, would it acept that inert particles invade the body to destroy cells? Cellular masochism?

    Irrational and defying common sense!


    2- It has not been scientifically proven that viruses exist


    [and until proven otherwise, they do not exist.]

    • The viral theory was refuted for the first time in 1, by experiments on “infected material”: no virus was observed by electron microscopy and the biochemical analyzes were identical to the control.
    • The discovery of bacteriophages (viruses supposed to kill bacteria) in 1954 and of the DNA double helix in 1953 (Crick and Watson, Nobel Prize winners) led to theorizing virology on the morphological and biochemical model of the bacteriophage.
    • The viral theory was refuted a second time, mainly by the virologist Stefan Lanka, in 2.
    • No virus has ever been scientifically isolated by virologists.
    • No complete virus genome has ever been isolated.

    Scientific isolation of a virus

    The reference method is that of a consensus conference of the Pasteur Institute in 1973. It consists of:

    • to be carried out on a sample, ultracentrifugation in density gradient on sucrose (separation of the various elements according to their density),
    • to take the viral density band, which is thus purified (electron microscopy analysis must show numerous viral particles, all of the same size),
    • to decode the complete genome and characterize proteins.

    This is a simple and easily reproducible procedure.

    It is commonly carried out, with success, for bacteriophages, discovered in 1954 and which have become the model for viruses.

    Unfortunately, for virology:

    • the bacteriophage, supposed to be a virus killer, is not a virus; it is a microspore produced by a dying bacterium in culture, in an unfavorable environment; the microspore will give rise to a new bacteria.
    • no "other virus" has ever been isolated by this method, since 1954

    Pseudoisolation of viruses by virology

    Faced with the failure of scientific isolation, virology uses a replacement method, cell culture, in 2 ways:

    1. On an infectious sample supernatant, obtained after centrifugation, which contains “viruses”, cellular debris, microbes, exosomes (DNA or waste vesicles), etc.

    2. On a cell culture, often from a monkey kidney (monkeys have 98% identical genomes to humans).

    The culture is allowed to die, by stopping feeding it with fetal bovine serum (essential for cell survival) and by introducing antibiotics (cytotoxic).

    We deduce that the virus has destroyed the cells, whereas without infectious material we obtain the same result!!

    Viruses are then created by computer:

    • Sequencing (characterization) of millions of DNA or RNA fragments;
    • assembly (or alignment) of fragments, using multiple software programs, to reconstitute the viral genome according to a pre-established model in the computer, basically, reconstituting the puzzle of DNA. The fraud is gross, the DNA comes from multiple sources and no control (without infectious material) is carried out. According to this method, in 70 years, never has a control experiment been carried out, “WHILE THIS IS AN ELEMENTAL GOLDEN RULE IN SCIENCE”.
    • Dr Lanka carried out the same experiment with the human genome and found 100% of the coronavirus genome!
    • two experiments with cell culture of measles virus and control (without virus) gave the same result.


    Other evidence

    Trial of Measles Virus Isolation


    – Dr S. Lanka promised 100 euros in 000 to anyone who demonstrated the existence of a study proving the isolation of the virus: 2014 studies were presented and invalidated. There High Court of Justice of Stuttgart, in 2016 recognized the non-isolation of the measles virus, which constitutes case law for measles and all other viruses isolated by the same protocol.

    – Zhu’s primary study highlighting the Coronavirus, from Feb. 2020, shows neither viral isolation nor control!!

    – 222 scientific health institutions around the world have failed to cite a single case of isolation and purification of “SARS-COV-2”, by anyone, anywhere (Christine Massey – March 2024) .

    – The Chinese CDC, in 2021, recognizes the non-isolation of corona.

    – Requests for proof of isolation, to the CDC and the Robert Koch Institute, for all major viruses, have received no positive response.

    – 1 million dollars is promised to anyone who isolates the Coronavirus.

    In addition, the CDC recognizes in 2021 the invalidity of PCR tests!

    Professor Drosten's PCR test was finalized in February. 2020, even before the “discovery” of the virus!

    In conclusion: all claims regarding the reality of the viral theory are invalidated and fraudulent. This massive fraud serves to self-justify the existence of virology and the vaccine industry. Note that “Bird Flu” is another scam, based on worthless tests.

    source: New World

    https://en.reseauinternational.net/l...heorie-virale/

  5. #20
    Senior Member Emil El Zapato's Avatar
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Earth I
    Posts
    13,406
    Thanks
    38,166
    Thanked 43,982 Times in 12,502 Posts
    Quote Originally posted by WantDisclosure View Post
    The Autism One Conference link autismone.org is now a 404 Not Found.

    Bitchute has a video posted 5 years ago:


    Source: https://www.bitchute.com/video/uasvQkipvkD4
    I listened for about 5 minutes. I spotted what I would consider serious logical holes in a minute or two. Of course, this is just my 'humble' opinion, but then that is why we vociferously disagree. Perhaps only the God/quantum consciousness knows the true answer. I try to take my cues from that realm. It is a matter of attuning the self's guiding antenna.

    Keep in mind that Pasteur has not been around for awhile and that science does progress:

    According to Pasteur, diseases that appear contagious are of microbial origin. However, in certain diseases, pathogenic bacteria are not found; we deduce that there are smaller particles, viruses (virus means poison in Latin) not visible under optical microscopy and responsible for infections. The virus is described as a strand of genetic material, DNA or RNA, surrounded by an envelope; it is a dead particle, without metabolism (which characterizes the living).

    My daughter tells me what you quote is accurate, but the caveat is that viruses are literally wrapped in microbial material. The virus embeds itself.

    The exact origin of viruses remains a mystery, but scientists propose three main hypotheses: viruses descended from precellular life forms, evolved from escaped cellular genetic material, or are the result of retrograde evolution from parasitic cells. These hypotheses suggest viruses may be ancient, possibly predating modern cells, or may have emerged later through various evolutionary pathways.

    Here's a more detailed look at the leading theories: (My intuition would lead me to favor the Ancient RNA Theory, I be getting out there now, lol, I would consider that because viruses seem to be not fully understood by science...yet, beware of crackpot theories. I do try to stay away from them simply because they seem to lack an awareness of the hard sciences behind the research.

    1. Descendants of Precellular Life: This theory suggests viruses originated from the earliest self-replicating molecules, possibly even before the evolution of the first cells. In this view, viruses and cells evolved in parallel, with viruses potentially playing a role in the development of cellular life.
    2. Escaped Cellular Genetic Elements: This hypothesis proposes that viruses evolved from genetic material within cells that gained the ability to move between cells, eventually developing protein coats for protection and efficient transfer. Some viral DNA sequences resemble plasmids, and retroviruses are linked to nonviral retro-elements found in cellular genomes.
    3. Retrograde Evolution: This theory suggests that viruses were once more complex cellular organisms that lost the ability for independent metabolism, retaining only the genes needed for replication within a host cell. In essence, they evolved from parasitic cells that became highly specialized and dependent on their hosts.
    Additional points to consider:
    Polyphyletic Origin:
    It's widely accepted that viruses are polyphyletic, meaning they don't all share a single common ancestor. This suggests that viruses may have originated multiple times through different evolutionary pathways.
    Mobile Genetic Elements:
    Some viruses might have originated from mobile genetic elements like transposons, which are DNA sequences that can move around within a genome and sometimes between cells.
    Recruitment of Host Proteins:
    Some theories propose that viruses may have evolved by recruiting host proteins to form their protective capsids (the protein coat).
    Ancient RNA Viruses:
    Some researchers believe that RNA viruses, in particular, may be very ancient and may have originated before the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all cells.
    Last edited by Emil El Zapato, 18th June 2025 at 11:27.
    “El revolucionario: te meteré la bota en el culo"

  6. #21
    Senior Member United States
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Northern Virginia
    Posts
    3,011
    Thanks
    1,769
    Thanked 6,126 Times in 1,756 Posts
    From Dr. Sam Bailey's website:


    14 July 2022
    SETTLING THE VIRUS DEBATE
    “A small parasite consisting of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) enclosed in a protein coat that can
    replicate only in a susceptible host cell.”1

    It has been more than two years since the onset of the “corona” crisis, which changed the trajectory of our
    world. The fundamental tenet of this crisis is that a deadly and novel “virus”, SARS-CoV-2, has spread
    around the world and negatively impacted large segments of humanity. Central to this tenet is the accepted
    wisdom that viruses, defined as replicating, protein-coated pieces of genetic material, either DNA or RNA,
    exist as independent entities in the real world and are able to act as pathogens. That is, the so-called particle
    with the protein coating and genetic interior is commonly believed to infect living tissues and cells, replicate
    inside these living tissues, damage the tissues as it makes its way out, and, in doing so, is also believed to
    create disease and sometimes death in its host - the so-called viral theory of disease causation. The alleged
    virus particles are then said to be able to transmit to other hosts, causing disease in them as well.

    After a century of experimentation and studies, as well as untold billions of dollars spent toward this “war
    against viruses”, we must ask whether it’s time to reconsider this theory. For several decades, many doctors
    and scientists have been putting forth the case that this commonly-accepted understanding of viruses is
    based on fundamental misconceptions. Fundamentally, rather than seeing “viruses” as independent,
    exogenous, pathogenic entities, these doctors and scientists have suggested they are simply the ordinary
    and inevitable breakdown particles of stressed and/or dead and dying tissues. They are therefore not
    pathogens, they are not harmful to other living beings, and no scientific or rationale reasons exist to take
    measures to protect oneself or others against them. The misconceptions about “viruses” appears to largely
    derive from the nature of the experiments that are used as evidence to argue that such particles exist and
    act in the above pathological manner. In essence, the publications in virology are largely of a descriptive
    nature, rather than controlled and falsifiable hypothesis-driven experiments that are the heart of the scientific
    method.

    Perhaps the primary evidence that the pathogenic viral theory is problematic is that no published scientific
    paper has ever shown that particles fulfilling the definition of viruses have been directly isolated and purified
    from any tissues or bodily fluids of any sick human or animal. Using the commonly accepted definition of
    “isolation”, which is the separation of one thing from all other things, there is general agreement that this has
    never been done in the history of virology. Particles that have been successfully isolated through purification
    have not been shown to be replication-competent, infectious and disease-causing, hence they cannot be
    said to be viruses. Additionally, the proffered “evidence” of viruses through “genomes" and animal
    experiments derives from methodologies with insufficient controls.

    The following experiments would need to be successfully completed before the viral theory can be deemed
    factual:
    1. a unique particle with the characteristics of a virus is purified from the tissues or fluids of a sick living
    being. The purification method to be used is at the discretion of the virologists but electron micrographs must
    be provided to confirm the successful purification of morphologically-identical alleged viral particles;
    2. the purified particle is biochemically characterized for its protein components and genetic sequence;
    3. the proteins are proven to be coded for by these same genetic sequences;
    4. the purified viral particles alone, through a natural exposure route, are shown to cause identical sickness
    in test subjects, by using valid controls;
    5. particles must then be successfully re-isolated (through purification) from the test subject at 4 above, and
    demonstrated to have exactly the same characteristics as the particles found in step 1.

    However, we realize that the virologists may not take the steps outlined above, likely because all attempts to
    date have failed. They now simply avoid this experiment, insisting that what they say are “viruses” cannot be
    found in sufficient amounts in the tissues of any sick person or animal to allow such an analysis. Therefore,
    we have decided to meet the virologists half way. In the first instance, we propose that the methods in
    current use are put to the test. The virologists assert that these pathogenic viruses exist in our tissues, cells
    and bodily fluids because they claim to see the effects of these supposed unique particles in a variety of cell
    cultures. This process is what they call “isolation” of the virus. They also claim that, using electron

    1 Definition of ‘virus’ from Harvey Lodish, et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 4th ed, Freeman & Co., New York, NY, 2000:
    https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-8175(01)00023-6

    Page 2

    microscopy, they can see these unique particles in the results of their cell cultures. Finally, they claim that
    each “species” of pathogenic virus has its unique genome, which can be sequenced either directly from the
    bodily fluids of the sick person or from the results of a cell culture. We now ask that the virology community
    prove that these claims are valid, scientific and reproducible. Rather than engaging in wasteful verbal
    sparring, let us put this argument to rest by doing clear, precise, scientific experiments that will, without any
    doubt, show whether these claims are valid.

    We propose the following experiment as the first step in determining whether such an entity as
    a pathogenic human virus exists…

    STEP ONE
    5 virology labs worldwide would participate in this experiment and none would know the identities of the
    other participating labs. A monitor will be appointed to supervise all steps. Each of the 5 labs will receive five
    nasopharyngeal samples from four categories of people (i.e. 20 samples each), who either:
    1) are not currently in receipt of, or being treated for a medical diagnosis;
    2) have received a diagnosis of lung cancer;
    3) have received a diagnosis of influenza A (according to recognized guidelines); or who
    4) have received a diagnosis of ‘COVID-19’ (through a PCR “test” or lateral flow assay.)
    Each person’s diagnosis (or “non-diagnosis”) will be independently verified, and the pathology reports will be
    made available in the study report. The labs will be blinded to the nature of the 20 samples they receive.
    Each lab will then attempt to “isolate” the viruses in question (Influenza A or SARS-CoV-2) from the samples
    or conclude that no pathogenic virus is present. Each lab will show photographs documenting the CPE
    (cytopathic effect), if present, and explain clearly each step of the culturing process and materials used,
    including full details of the controls or “mock-infections”. Next, each lab will obtain independently verified
    electron microscope images of the “isolated” virus, if present, as well as images showing the absence of the
    virus (presumably, in the well people and people with lung cancer). The electron microscopist will also be
    blinded to the nature of the samples they are analyzing. All procedures will be carefully documented and
    monitored.

    STEP TWO
    ALL of the samples will then be sent for genomic sequencing and once again the operators will remain
    blinded to the nature of their samples. It would be expected that if 5 labs receive material from the same
    sample of a patient diagnosed with COVID-19, each lab should report IDENTICAL sequences of the alleged
    SARS-CoV-2 genome. On the other hand, this genome should not be found in any other samples.

    (Note: this statement is a brief outline of the suggested experiments - a fully detailed protocol would
    obviously need to be developed and agreed upon by the laboratories and signatories.)

    If the virologists fail to obtain a satisfactory result from the above study, then their claims about detecting
    “viruses” will be shown to be unfounded. All of the measures put in place as a result of these claims should
    be brought to an immediate halt. If they succeed in this first task then we would encourage them to proceed
    to the required purification experiments to obtain the probative evidence for the existence of viruses.

    It is in the interest of everyone to address the issue of isolation, and the very existence, of alleged viruses
    such as SARS-CoV-2. This requires proof that the entry of morphologically and biochemically, virus-like
    particles into living cells is both necessary and sufficient to cause the appearance of the identical particles,
    which are contagious and disease causing.

    We welcome your support and feedback for this initiative.

    Signatories,

    Thomas Cowan, MD Mark Bailey, MD Samantha Bailey, MD
    Jitendra Banjara, MSc Kelly Brogan, MD Kevin Corbett, PhD
    Mufassil Dingankar, BHMS Michael Donio, MS Jordan Grant, MD
    Andrew Kaufman, MD Valentina Kiseleva, MD Christine Massey, MSc
    Paul McSheehy, PhD Prof. Timothy Noakes, MD Sachin Pethkar, BAMS
    Saeed Qureshi, PhD Stefano Scoglio, PhD Mike Stone, BEXSc
    Amandha Vollmer, NDoc Michael Yeadon, PhD

    https://drsambailey.com/resources/se...-virus-debate/

  7. #22
    Senior Member United States
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Northern Virginia
    Posts
    3,011
    Thanks
    1,769
    Thanked 6,126 Times in 1,756 Posts
    Posted on YouTube April 8, 2025:

    Dr. Sam Bailey

    A Farewell to Virology by Dr Mark Bailey was first published in 2022. The 28,000-word treatise exposed not only the lack of evidence for SARS-CoV-2, but also the entire virus model itself. The timeless work was, and remains, one of the most important bulwarks against virology's pseudoscience and the tyranny it fuels.


    Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6kP6s84SwQ

  8. #23
    Senior Member United States
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Northern Virginia
    Posts
    3,011
    Thanks
    1,769
    Thanked 6,126 Times in 1,756 Posts
    Posted 5 days ago:


    Source: https://www.bitchute.com/video/JSuXJJSHlMc8

  9. #24
    Senior Member Emil El Zapato's Avatar
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Earth I
    Posts
    13,406
    Thanks
    38,166
    Thanked 43,982 Times in 12,502 Posts
    Quote Originally posted by WantDisclosure View Post
    From Dr. Sam Bailey's website:
    Patently not true. Gene sequencing, while advanced, is still not infallible. Numerous testing glitches can occur during the process. I have DNA reports from 3 sites, one of them including a Nobel Prize winner in the field of microbiology as its chief scientist. I like the results I got from him the best, but all 3 reports differ significantly. I think the max reliability is 99.9 percent, which leaves a margin of error. Is that .1 percent - 1 in a thousand enough to throw it all out and accept pseudoscience? I don't think so, but then that is my 'humble' opinion.
    “El revolucionario: te meteré la bota en el culo"

  10. #25
    Senior Member United States
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Northern Virginia
    Posts
    3,011
    Thanks
    1,769
    Thanked 6,126 Times in 1,756 Posts
    Posted 2 years ago:

    Dr Mark Bailey On The Fraudulent Science Of Virology

    Gemma O'Doherty



    Source: https://www.bitchute.com/video/9wFKWahQyAO4

  11. #26
    Senior Member United States
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Northern Virginia
    Posts
    3,011
    Thanks
    1,769
    Thanked 6,126 Times in 1,756 Posts
    Posted 2 months ago:


    Source: https://www.bitchute.com/video/VG9BeXd1kZPE

  12. #27
    Senior Member United States
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Northern Virginia
    Posts
    3,011
    Thanks
    1,769
    Thanked 6,126 Times in 1,756 Posts
    Posted 4 years ago:

    Does the Virus Exist? Has SARS-CoV-2 Been Isolated? - Interview with Christine Massey, M.Sc.

    Centre for Research on Globalization



    Source: https://www.bitchute.com/video/DZUIBSfzxEUC/

  13. #28
    Senior Member United States
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Northern Virginia
    Posts
    3,011
    Thanks
    1,769
    Thanked 6,126 Times in 1,756 Posts
    Posted 4 years ago:

    Nobel Prize nominee Dr. Stefano Scoglio, B.Sc, Ph.D. on lack of virus isolation


    Source: https://www.bitchute.com/video/axg2QI9yBul8

  14. #29
    Senior Member United States
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Northern Virginia
    Posts
    3,011
    Thanks
    1,769
    Thanked 6,126 Times in 1,756 Posts
    Posted 5 years ago:

    Amanda Vollmer explains the facts and fiction behind "Viruses" (Exosomes)


    Source: https://www.bitchute.com/video/bYXWPT6eJbjk

  15. #30
    Senior Member Emil El Zapato's Avatar
    Join Date
    3rd April 2017
    Location
    Earth I
    Posts
    13,406
    Thanks
    38,166
    Thanked 43,982 Times in 12,502 Posts
    Quote Originally posted by WantDisclosure View Post
    Posted 5 years ago:
    Ok, not complete nonsense there is much common sense in the homeopathic approach to medicine, but facts is facts:

    Yes, virus genomes have been examined, and in fact, studying viral genomes is a critical area of virology and public health.

    Historical Context:


    Early Genome Sequencing: The first organism to have its complete genome sequenced was the Bacteriophage MS2 in 1976, a virus that infects bacteria.
    Advancements in Sequencing: The development of rapid sequencing methods by scientists like Walter Gilbert and Fred Sanger led to the sequencing of other small viral genomes shortly after, such as the Bacteriophage φX174.

    Routine Practice: Due to their relatively small size, sequencing of viral isolates became a routine practice in the 1980s.

    Significance of Examining Viral Genomes:

    Understanding Viral Biology: Studying viral genomes provides crucial insights into how viruses infect cells, replicate, and cause disease.

    Tracking Outbreaks and Evolution: Analyzing viral genomes helps scientists track the spread of viruses, understand their evolution and mutations, and identify potential threats.
    Developing Diagnostics and Treatments: Genome sequencing informs the development of diagnostic tests and allows for the identification of potential therapeutic targets.
    Predicting Emerging Diseases: Studying viral diversity in different environments can help predict and prepare for potential outbreaks of unknown viruses.

    Methods for Examining Viral Genomes:
    Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): This technique involves sequencing the entire viral genome to obtain a complete picture of its genetic makeup.
    Metagenomic Sequencing: This approach involves sequencing all the genetic material in a sample (including viruses, bacteria, and host DNA) to identify and characterize viruses present in a mixed population.

    PCR Amplicon Sequencing: This method uses PCR to amplify specific regions of the viral genome before sequencing, which is useful for small genomes or when targeting specific genes of interest.
    Target Enrichment Sequencing: This technique uses probes to capture specific viral sequences from a sample before sequencing, which is helpful when targeting specific viruses or when dealing with low viral loads.

    In summary, the examination and sequencing of virus genomes have been ongoing for decades, starting with the first sequenced viral genome in 1976 and continuing to be a cornerstone of modern virology and public health efforts.
    “El revolucionario: te meteré la bota en el culo"

Posting Permissions

  • You may not post new threads
  • You may not post replies
  • You may not post attachments
  • You may not edit your posts
  •