bsbray
12th June 2015, 18:12
I watched a 2 hour and 13 minute long collage of various video presentations about the ancient Welsh coming to America, mostly featuring the work of Alan Wilson and James (Jim) B. Michael.
The video on YouTube is entitled "King Arthur II & Prince Madoc's voyage to America in AD 562," found here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBbWL3VWVxM
To save yourself from watching it (though there are lots of valuable images and footage of ancient sites), here are the relevant notes:
There are 6 facts laid out at the beginning of the video:
1. A brother of King Arthur II, Madoc Morfran, landed in America in 562 AD.
2. He returned to Britain with a Native American around 572 AD.
3. An Admiral Gwenon sailed back in 573 to see what Madoc had discovered.
4. King Arthur II himself then sailed from Milford Haven in 574 with 700 ships.
5. In 579, Arthur II was killed in Kentucky.
6. Arthur's body was embalmed and taken back to Britain in 580 and buried.
James (Jim) Michael and Alan Wilson
A round stone disc found near Portsmouth, Ohio features awen symbols said to be a letter of the Coelbren alphabet. About fifty of these stones are also said to have been found at Troy, from where the Welsh claimed heritage. This is later explained to be a stone used for spinning cloth, and they are said to have been dated back as far as 500 BC by some means, though stone cannot be carbon dated.
Arthur II is thought to have been killed above 14 miles north of the Falls of the Ohio (near Louisville). A stone is said to have marked the location there.
In the general area of the Ohio River Valley there are known to have been some 10,000 mounds, and 20 to 30 ancient forts which were noted in 1820. [Footnote: The 10,000 mounds are possibly from a more remote period, as giant bones have been found in them and the Native Americans have legends of these cannibal giants with red hair.] Also there were "at least" 20 reports of encounters with Welsh-speaking natives, sometimes involving interactions over months. Mummies are found in 5 different areas of Kentucky, and were found with woven cloth.
There is a reference to the book Traditions of the Earliest Visits of Foreigners in North America by Reuben Durrett as an early summary of a lot of the material covered in one presentation shown in this video. This book contains several legends associated with Madoc as well as the stories of Welsh-speaking natives.
While discussing a vase found in the same general area with three heads molded onto it, and stones with three faces carved into them, James Michael mentions that this is a pagan tradition thought to have originated in Babylon, with the Chaldeans. Michael states here that these people (the Welsh) were originally Chaldean. Statues with multiple faces, such as one where two faces share an eye in the middle of the face, are said to have been throughout Britain but were ordered destroyed by the Romans.
The awen symbol is asserted to have been a symbol for god, and the word "awen" is insinuated by Michael as being related to "Ea" (pronounced "ya") and also "Yehovah." Ea is described as half-fish, half-man, and came to the Earth in an egg. This tradition also apparently goes back to Babylon and the Chaldeans. To this day the British government is said to still employ the awen symbol on their property.
Until around 700 AD, crosses in Britain were inscribed inside of a circle and had arms of equal length. It was until around 700 AD and beyond that these crosses "came out" of the circles for uses such as grave markers. Crosses inside of circles have been found on various artifacts in the region of the Ohio River.
Native Americans who came across from Asia, described as being of a Mongolian bloodline, are described as having three cranial plates (referred to as "Inca bones"), while Caucasians are differentiated in that they only have two cranial plates.
From the Steppes to Troy, to Britain, to America
Two ancient migrations into Britain are described: one of peoples from Syria around 1600 BC, the second around 500 BC from Troy. Neither of these can be described as Celtic tribes. [Footnote: The languages called Celtic today are found mainly in Wales and Ireland, and these two places represent the two varieties of languages called Celtic today. The Irish language is very similar to Scots-Gaelic and Manx, while Welsh is more similar to Cornish and Breton. This is discussed in more detail under the "Mind Your Ps and Qs" at the end of this post. The peoples called Celtic who moved across northern Europe are known to have spoken Germanic languages, and the implication here would be that if any of them spoke languages related to what we call Celtic languages today, it would be through a relation to the Etruscans or some other migrating group out of Troy or the Middle East. Gaulish, for example, is said to have been written in both the Greek and "Old Italic" alphabets (Old Italic looking very much like the Etruscan alphabet).]
Around same time as this Syrian migration was the time of the "Wessex culture" in Britain, around the beginning of the Bronze Age, with much evidence of bronze production in Britain.
The second migration out of Troy produced a spread of what is known as the Coelbren alphabet, from Phrygia in Turkey (whence the Pelasgians), to ancient Etruria, to Britain. Wilson says that these languages are decipherable through Welsh after transliterating the Coelbren alphabet, and he was able to read in otherwise undeciphered artifacts that Etruria at one time had formed a naval league with Carthage to combat piracy, for example, somewhere around 500 BC.
Around 440 BC, Herodotus wrote his Histories of the Cimmerians, otherwise known as the Kimiri (Kimmerioi in Greek, in other words the Khumric or Welsh people -- "Welsh" itself simply stemming from an old Saxon word for "foreigner") as being pushed by the Scythians out of the steppes, through the Caucasus into Anatolia. [Footnote: Wikipedia notes the following about this historical event: "To ensure burial in their ancestral homeland, the men of the Cimmerian royal family divided into groups and fought each other to the death. The Cimmerian commoners buried the bodies along the river Tyras and fled from the Scythian advance, across the Caucasus and into Anatolia."] The apocryphal book 2 Esdras is said to also make mention of this migration. Prior to this, Herodotus states that the Kimiri had lived in what is today Ukraine and southern Russia, in the 700s and 600s BC. Wilson notes that by about 650 BC, the Kimiri had migrated in the direction of Troy.
The Welsh invaded France in 383 AD under Magnus Maximus, and Arthur is described as his son. [Footnote: Though Magnus Maximus is recorded as a "Western Roman Emperor from 383 to 388" (according to Wikipedia), and this was his Roman name, his Welsh name was Macsen Wledig, and Wilson finds him listed in Welsh records as the father of Arthur I.] Wilsons says that Andragathius, described as Magnus Maximus's top general, was in fact Arthur I. It was at this time that Arthur encountered Gwynevere, who the French remember as Saint Genevieve of Paris. In 388 Arthur I fought "two big battles" in the Balkans against Theodosius.
Other records from around this period show that Glastenbury is about 200 miles from where people think it is today, according to Wilson, and that glaston means "oaks" in both Cornish and Breton, and the scarlet oak in Welsh is glastennen. Modern-day Glastonbury in Somerset, England, is said to have been founded in the 900's AD.
In the 500's AD, a comet struck and devastated southern Britain. This is around when there was a migration out of Ireland into Scotland, and also migrations in southern Britain into Cornwall and across the channel to Britanny and what we now call Normandy. It was around the time of this disaster, according to Welsh records that Wilson has read, that Madoc was in a ship and was directed one way or another to land in North America. The year 562 AD is associated with when Madoc was at sea, before he reached North America. He returned to Wales about a decade later (572 AD) and was questioned as to where he had been. When he explained by star charts (then used for navigation) as to where he had been, his countrymen were skeptical, but the admiral Gwenon was assigned to see for himself, and was able to reach North America (about 573) and return to confirm its existence.
This new discovery is interpreted as an act of god in the records, as the Welsh believe that since their country has been destroyed by this disaster, their god has shown them a new country to inhabit. Four ancient records and six medieval records have been found which discuss the fleet which was then assembled, of 700 ships, each of which could carry up to 100 to 120 people. This means that as many as about 70,000 Welsh could have migrated to North America. Arthur II went on this voyage himself, which set off around 574 AD. After having arrived in North America, it was stated that he was "assassinated" by "a naked savage" around 578, something which Wilson notes would be an odd occurence in western Europe. His body was then wrapped in deerskins and dry mummified before being sent back to Wales in a ship operated by seven men. When he arrived back in Wales around 579, his body was first placed into an area carved out of solid granite in a cave, and then later moved to a church. Wilson says that both locations are still easily identifiable today by the records. The rest of the Welsh who went on the voyage apparently remained in the "other world."
The Grave Creek stone is shown and identified as being in Coelbren script, later suggested to have been an alphabet of 22 letters "and one hieroglyph." Sixteen of the letters are later said to have been identified by European scholars as Celt-Iberian, fourteen as "Old British," one or two similar to Phoenician, at which point the researcher writing to these European scholars in the 1800's is said to have become confused. The mound in which the stone was found is described by a historical marker in the area as "the largest conical mound America," and originally had a moat around it. A map at the local museum for the mound shows that around the modern-day town are several ancient rock towers, to the north, south, east and west, as if guard towers had been erected in ancient times and the modern-day town was built in the same place as the ancient settlement. The Ohio River runs immediately to the west of the town. A curator for the museum states that the original Grave Creek Stone was sold at an auction for $2 and to her knowledge was currently in the possession of a family in Richmond, Virginia.
The Wilson-Braxton Tablet is shown, also appearing to show 22 letters very similar, if not identical to the ones on the Grave Creek Stone, also in three lines and also including the long cross at the bottom. It's noted to have been discovered in 1931. Also shown are the Shepherd Tablet (rectangular with rounded edges, found in 1832, depicting circles in a grid pattern), the Cincinnati Tablet (found in 1841, showing a complex image vaguely resembling eggs moving through intestines, a notably different style), the Circular Inscribed Stone (found in 1843, simply a small circular stone with faint markings in the center), the Lakin A Tablet (found in 1949 and showing lots of curving lines terminating in circles with dots in the center, and a curvy figure across the center), and the Lakin B Tablet (also found in 1949, seemingly partially obscured or worn away but looking eerily similar to Mayan hieroglyphics).
Also the Bat Creek stone, which Wilson translates as something to the extent of "The ruler Madoc he is" ("Madoc is ruler"). [Footnote: Refer to vol 1 notes.] Wilson also states that wooden plugs found in the Bat Creek mound were carbon dated to the 6th century and that the skeleton under whose head the stone was found was about 6 feet tall.
The Hopewell Culture is also asserted by Mr. Michael to have been British (Welsh) in origin. Also the various serpent mounds in the Ohio River region are asserted to have been of Welsh construction, one would presume in relation to the celestial impact event, which was described as having been a dragon in the sky.
The Melungeons are identified as a tribe of supposed natives who were white, are said to have self-identified as Christians, spoke Welsh (or "the British tongue") and were in reality the descendents of the earlier Welsh landing. [Footnote: Wikipedia states the following regarding the Melungeons: "The ancestry and identity of Melungeons have been highly controversial subjects. Secondary sources have disagreed as to their ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and geographic origins and identity, as they were and are of mixed ancestry. They might accurately be described as a loose collection of families of diverse origins who migrated, settled nearby and intermarried with one another, mostly in Hancock and Hawkins counties in Tennessee, nearby areas of Kentucky, and in Lee County, Virginia. Their ancestors can usually be traced back to colonial Virginia and the Carolinas. They were largely endogamous, marrying primarily within their community until about 1900.
Melungeons have been defined as having multiracial ancestry; they did not exhibit characteristics that could be classified as those of a single racial phenotype. Most modern-day descendants of Appalachian families traditionally regarded as Melungeon are generally European American in appearance, often (though not always) with dark hair and eyes, and a swarthy or olive complexion. Descriptions of Melungeons have varied widely over time; in the 19th and early 20th century, they were sometimes identified as "Portuguese," "Native American," or "light-skinned African American". During the nineteenth century, free people of color sometimes identified as Portuguese or Native American in order to avoid being classified as black in the segregated slave societies. Other Melungeon individuals and families are accepted and identify as white, particularly since the mid-20th century. They have tended to "marry white" since before the twentieth century."]
Related:
Post from Johanna on the Straight Dope forums.
http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=289534
Mind your Ps and Qs
There is a split between two groups of Celtic languages that really tends to cut down on mutual intelligibility. In the "P-Celtic" languages, they have the letter p where the "Q-Celtic" languages have the sound of k. For the number five is pump in Welsh (pronounced "pimp"), but cúig in Irish. P-Celtic languages are Welsh, Breton, and Cornish (and probably the ancient Continental Celtic, like Gaulish). Q-Celtic languages are Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx.
It has been said that Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx are three dialects that are not quite far enough apart to be separate languages; and that Breton, Cornish, and Welsh are three languages almost close enough to be dialects (but not quite close enough).
The funny thing about the split in Celtic is that the same fault line runs right through the Italic languages too, lending weight to the theory that there once was an Italo-Celtic protolanguage as an early major branch of Indo-European. Latin is Q-Italic; the word for 5 in Latin is quinque. Oscan (now extinct) was P-Italic, and Oscan for 5 was pumperias.
The reason one language can wind up with p- and the other k- from the same root is that these are both reflexes of Proto-Indo-European *kw-, a labialized velar stop. A sound that combined two different qualities. Cúig and quinque kept the velar ("k" sound), while pump and pumperias kept the labial quality and made it into a labial stop (the "p" sound).
When the Irish first encountered Latin, their language had no P sound, and the Latin name Patricius at first was changed to something like Cotharig, as though Irish speakers somehow sensed the relation between their K sound and other languages' P sound.
The video on YouTube is entitled "King Arthur II & Prince Madoc's voyage to America in AD 562," found here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBbWL3VWVxM
To save yourself from watching it (though there are lots of valuable images and footage of ancient sites), here are the relevant notes:
There are 6 facts laid out at the beginning of the video:
1. A brother of King Arthur II, Madoc Morfran, landed in America in 562 AD.
2. He returned to Britain with a Native American around 572 AD.
3. An Admiral Gwenon sailed back in 573 to see what Madoc had discovered.
4. King Arthur II himself then sailed from Milford Haven in 574 with 700 ships.
5. In 579, Arthur II was killed in Kentucky.
6. Arthur's body was embalmed and taken back to Britain in 580 and buried.
James (Jim) Michael and Alan Wilson
A round stone disc found near Portsmouth, Ohio features awen symbols said to be a letter of the Coelbren alphabet. About fifty of these stones are also said to have been found at Troy, from where the Welsh claimed heritage. This is later explained to be a stone used for spinning cloth, and they are said to have been dated back as far as 500 BC by some means, though stone cannot be carbon dated.
Arthur II is thought to have been killed above 14 miles north of the Falls of the Ohio (near Louisville). A stone is said to have marked the location there.
In the general area of the Ohio River Valley there are known to have been some 10,000 mounds, and 20 to 30 ancient forts which were noted in 1820. [Footnote: The 10,000 mounds are possibly from a more remote period, as giant bones have been found in them and the Native Americans have legends of these cannibal giants with red hair.] Also there were "at least" 20 reports of encounters with Welsh-speaking natives, sometimes involving interactions over months. Mummies are found in 5 different areas of Kentucky, and were found with woven cloth.
There is a reference to the book Traditions of the Earliest Visits of Foreigners in North America by Reuben Durrett as an early summary of a lot of the material covered in one presentation shown in this video. This book contains several legends associated with Madoc as well as the stories of Welsh-speaking natives.
While discussing a vase found in the same general area with three heads molded onto it, and stones with three faces carved into them, James Michael mentions that this is a pagan tradition thought to have originated in Babylon, with the Chaldeans. Michael states here that these people (the Welsh) were originally Chaldean. Statues with multiple faces, such as one where two faces share an eye in the middle of the face, are said to have been throughout Britain but were ordered destroyed by the Romans.
The awen symbol is asserted to have been a symbol for god, and the word "awen" is insinuated by Michael as being related to "Ea" (pronounced "ya") and also "Yehovah." Ea is described as half-fish, half-man, and came to the Earth in an egg. This tradition also apparently goes back to Babylon and the Chaldeans. To this day the British government is said to still employ the awen symbol on their property.
Until around 700 AD, crosses in Britain were inscribed inside of a circle and had arms of equal length. It was until around 700 AD and beyond that these crosses "came out" of the circles for uses such as grave markers. Crosses inside of circles have been found on various artifacts in the region of the Ohio River.
Native Americans who came across from Asia, described as being of a Mongolian bloodline, are described as having three cranial plates (referred to as "Inca bones"), while Caucasians are differentiated in that they only have two cranial plates.
From the Steppes to Troy, to Britain, to America
Two ancient migrations into Britain are described: one of peoples from Syria around 1600 BC, the second around 500 BC from Troy. Neither of these can be described as Celtic tribes. [Footnote: The languages called Celtic today are found mainly in Wales and Ireland, and these two places represent the two varieties of languages called Celtic today. The Irish language is very similar to Scots-Gaelic and Manx, while Welsh is more similar to Cornish and Breton. This is discussed in more detail under the "Mind Your Ps and Qs" at the end of this post. The peoples called Celtic who moved across northern Europe are known to have spoken Germanic languages, and the implication here would be that if any of them spoke languages related to what we call Celtic languages today, it would be through a relation to the Etruscans or some other migrating group out of Troy or the Middle East. Gaulish, for example, is said to have been written in both the Greek and "Old Italic" alphabets (Old Italic looking very much like the Etruscan alphabet).]
Around same time as this Syrian migration was the time of the "Wessex culture" in Britain, around the beginning of the Bronze Age, with much evidence of bronze production in Britain.
The second migration out of Troy produced a spread of what is known as the Coelbren alphabet, from Phrygia in Turkey (whence the Pelasgians), to ancient Etruria, to Britain. Wilson says that these languages are decipherable through Welsh after transliterating the Coelbren alphabet, and he was able to read in otherwise undeciphered artifacts that Etruria at one time had formed a naval league with Carthage to combat piracy, for example, somewhere around 500 BC.
Around 440 BC, Herodotus wrote his Histories of the Cimmerians, otherwise known as the Kimiri (Kimmerioi in Greek, in other words the Khumric or Welsh people -- "Welsh" itself simply stemming from an old Saxon word for "foreigner") as being pushed by the Scythians out of the steppes, through the Caucasus into Anatolia. [Footnote: Wikipedia notes the following about this historical event: "To ensure burial in their ancestral homeland, the men of the Cimmerian royal family divided into groups and fought each other to the death. The Cimmerian commoners buried the bodies along the river Tyras and fled from the Scythian advance, across the Caucasus and into Anatolia."] The apocryphal book 2 Esdras is said to also make mention of this migration. Prior to this, Herodotus states that the Kimiri had lived in what is today Ukraine and southern Russia, in the 700s and 600s BC. Wilson notes that by about 650 BC, the Kimiri had migrated in the direction of Troy.
The Welsh invaded France in 383 AD under Magnus Maximus, and Arthur is described as his son. [Footnote: Though Magnus Maximus is recorded as a "Western Roman Emperor from 383 to 388" (according to Wikipedia), and this was his Roman name, his Welsh name was Macsen Wledig, and Wilson finds him listed in Welsh records as the father of Arthur I.] Wilsons says that Andragathius, described as Magnus Maximus's top general, was in fact Arthur I. It was at this time that Arthur encountered Gwynevere, who the French remember as Saint Genevieve of Paris. In 388 Arthur I fought "two big battles" in the Balkans against Theodosius.
Other records from around this period show that Glastenbury is about 200 miles from where people think it is today, according to Wilson, and that glaston means "oaks" in both Cornish and Breton, and the scarlet oak in Welsh is glastennen. Modern-day Glastonbury in Somerset, England, is said to have been founded in the 900's AD.
In the 500's AD, a comet struck and devastated southern Britain. This is around when there was a migration out of Ireland into Scotland, and also migrations in southern Britain into Cornwall and across the channel to Britanny and what we now call Normandy. It was around the time of this disaster, according to Welsh records that Wilson has read, that Madoc was in a ship and was directed one way or another to land in North America. The year 562 AD is associated with when Madoc was at sea, before he reached North America. He returned to Wales about a decade later (572 AD) and was questioned as to where he had been. When he explained by star charts (then used for navigation) as to where he had been, his countrymen were skeptical, but the admiral Gwenon was assigned to see for himself, and was able to reach North America (about 573) and return to confirm its existence.
This new discovery is interpreted as an act of god in the records, as the Welsh believe that since their country has been destroyed by this disaster, their god has shown them a new country to inhabit. Four ancient records and six medieval records have been found which discuss the fleet which was then assembled, of 700 ships, each of which could carry up to 100 to 120 people. This means that as many as about 70,000 Welsh could have migrated to North America. Arthur II went on this voyage himself, which set off around 574 AD. After having arrived in North America, it was stated that he was "assassinated" by "a naked savage" around 578, something which Wilson notes would be an odd occurence in western Europe. His body was then wrapped in deerskins and dry mummified before being sent back to Wales in a ship operated by seven men. When he arrived back in Wales around 579, his body was first placed into an area carved out of solid granite in a cave, and then later moved to a church. Wilson says that both locations are still easily identifiable today by the records. The rest of the Welsh who went on the voyage apparently remained in the "other world."
The Grave Creek stone is shown and identified as being in Coelbren script, later suggested to have been an alphabet of 22 letters "and one hieroglyph." Sixteen of the letters are later said to have been identified by European scholars as Celt-Iberian, fourteen as "Old British," one or two similar to Phoenician, at which point the researcher writing to these European scholars in the 1800's is said to have become confused. The mound in which the stone was found is described by a historical marker in the area as "the largest conical mound America," and originally had a moat around it. A map at the local museum for the mound shows that around the modern-day town are several ancient rock towers, to the north, south, east and west, as if guard towers had been erected in ancient times and the modern-day town was built in the same place as the ancient settlement. The Ohio River runs immediately to the west of the town. A curator for the museum states that the original Grave Creek Stone was sold at an auction for $2 and to her knowledge was currently in the possession of a family in Richmond, Virginia.
The Wilson-Braxton Tablet is shown, also appearing to show 22 letters very similar, if not identical to the ones on the Grave Creek Stone, also in three lines and also including the long cross at the bottom. It's noted to have been discovered in 1931. Also shown are the Shepherd Tablet (rectangular with rounded edges, found in 1832, depicting circles in a grid pattern), the Cincinnati Tablet (found in 1841, showing a complex image vaguely resembling eggs moving through intestines, a notably different style), the Circular Inscribed Stone (found in 1843, simply a small circular stone with faint markings in the center), the Lakin A Tablet (found in 1949 and showing lots of curving lines terminating in circles with dots in the center, and a curvy figure across the center), and the Lakin B Tablet (also found in 1949, seemingly partially obscured or worn away but looking eerily similar to Mayan hieroglyphics).
Also the Bat Creek stone, which Wilson translates as something to the extent of "The ruler Madoc he is" ("Madoc is ruler"). [Footnote: Refer to vol 1 notes.] Wilson also states that wooden plugs found in the Bat Creek mound were carbon dated to the 6th century and that the skeleton under whose head the stone was found was about 6 feet tall.
The Hopewell Culture is also asserted by Mr. Michael to have been British (Welsh) in origin. Also the various serpent mounds in the Ohio River region are asserted to have been of Welsh construction, one would presume in relation to the celestial impact event, which was described as having been a dragon in the sky.
The Melungeons are identified as a tribe of supposed natives who were white, are said to have self-identified as Christians, spoke Welsh (or "the British tongue") and were in reality the descendents of the earlier Welsh landing. [Footnote: Wikipedia states the following regarding the Melungeons: "The ancestry and identity of Melungeons have been highly controversial subjects. Secondary sources have disagreed as to their ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and geographic origins and identity, as they were and are of mixed ancestry. They might accurately be described as a loose collection of families of diverse origins who migrated, settled nearby and intermarried with one another, mostly in Hancock and Hawkins counties in Tennessee, nearby areas of Kentucky, and in Lee County, Virginia. Their ancestors can usually be traced back to colonial Virginia and the Carolinas. They were largely endogamous, marrying primarily within their community until about 1900.
Melungeons have been defined as having multiracial ancestry; they did not exhibit characteristics that could be classified as those of a single racial phenotype. Most modern-day descendants of Appalachian families traditionally regarded as Melungeon are generally European American in appearance, often (though not always) with dark hair and eyes, and a swarthy or olive complexion. Descriptions of Melungeons have varied widely over time; in the 19th and early 20th century, they were sometimes identified as "Portuguese," "Native American," or "light-skinned African American". During the nineteenth century, free people of color sometimes identified as Portuguese or Native American in order to avoid being classified as black in the segregated slave societies. Other Melungeon individuals and families are accepted and identify as white, particularly since the mid-20th century. They have tended to "marry white" since before the twentieth century."]
Related:
Post from Johanna on the Straight Dope forums.
http://boards.straightdope.com/sdmb/showthread.php?t=289534
Mind your Ps and Qs
There is a split between two groups of Celtic languages that really tends to cut down on mutual intelligibility. In the "P-Celtic" languages, they have the letter p where the "Q-Celtic" languages have the sound of k. For the number five is pump in Welsh (pronounced "pimp"), but cúig in Irish. P-Celtic languages are Welsh, Breton, and Cornish (and probably the ancient Continental Celtic, like Gaulish). Q-Celtic languages are Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx.
It has been said that Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx are three dialects that are not quite far enough apart to be separate languages; and that Breton, Cornish, and Welsh are three languages almost close enough to be dialects (but not quite close enough).
The funny thing about the split in Celtic is that the same fault line runs right through the Italic languages too, lending weight to the theory that there once was an Italo-Celtic protolanguage as an early major branch of Indo-European. Latin is Q-Italic; the word for 5 in Latin is quinque. Oscan (now extinct) was P-Italic, and Oscan for 5 was pumperias.
The reason one language can wind up with p- and the other k- from the same root is that these are both reflexes of Proto-Indo-European *kw-, a labialized velar stop. A sound that combined two different qualities. Cúig and quinque kept the velar ("k" sound), while pump and pumperias kept the labial quality and made it into a labial stop (the "p" sound).
When the Irish first encountered Latin, their language had no P sound, and the Latin name Patricius at first was changed to something like Cotharig, as though Irish speakers somehow sensed the relation between their K sound and other languages' P sound.